In December 2013, an inmate named Stephanie Georgea grandmother in her 40s doing life for a drug convictiongotan unexpected call to the front office of her federal prison.The out-of-the blue call terrified her. Only a couple months earlier, she'd been hit withthe news that her 20-year-old son had been murdered."Mostly when they call you up there, it's either a death or somebody's sick," George told me over the phone recently form her home in Florida. "Everything ran through my mind. ... I'm sitting there for five minutes that seemed like five hours."It turned out to be "unbelievable" news.Georgewho got the nightmarish sentenceafter police found her ex-boyfriend's cocaine at her home had achieved the nearly impossible feat of having her life sentence commuted by President Barack Obama at the end of 2013.She got out of prison in April 2014and spoke to me recentlyabout her unlikely path to freedom.There is no federal parole system for many of the thousands of federal inmates sentenced to life.For federal lifers like George to get out early, they have to make their case stand out fromthousands of others andpersuadethe president of the United States himself to sign off on their early release through a process known as commutation. The oddsof getting clemency are extremely long.The clear injustice of George's sentence helped make her release possible, as did her owntransformation in prison.ButGeorge probably never would have won back her freedom if it weren't for the pro-bono lawyers whomade her case to theOffice of the Pardon Attorney, which works with the presidenton clemency cases."We make our living at being very persuasive people," Thomas Means, one of George's pro-bono attorneys, told me recently over the phone.'A girlfriend and a bag holder'George's story began with a promising future in Pensacola, Florida,according to written Congressional testimony that her lawyersat Crowell & Moring submittedabout her case.ThoughGeorge became pregnant her senior year of high school,she still managed to graduate after the birth of her baby.She became a licensed beautician in 1996 and also worked as a housekeeper, in a nursing home, and at a fast food restaurant. Her lawyers say she still struggled to support her three kids.George became involved with drug-dealing boyfriends to help make ends meet. She handled drugs and delivered messages for those men, and she let them store drugs at her house. The menshe dated operated under the assumption that the cops wouldn't suspect a single mom of keeping drugs, according to George's lawyers.Of course, George did get caught.Her third arrest, after two relatively petty drug crimes, landed her the life sentence under the notorious "three strikes" provision included in a 1994 drug law. She was a 26-year-old mother of three when she got that sentence.George was firstarrested on her front porch while sitting next to a bag that contained cocaine residue, and she got probation for possessing crack. Weeks later, she sold $160 worth of crack and powder cocaine to an undercover officer and got nine months in jail. Nearly three years after that, according toher lawyers,police got a tip from a secret informant and raided her house. They found 500 grams of cocaine and $13,710 in a safe owned by her former boyfriend, Michael Dickey, who was also the father of her daughter.George went to trial, and six witnesses testified that she'd had a minor part in Dickey's drug conspiracy, according to her lawyers.She receivedthe longest sentence of any of her co-defendants,including Dickey. Hegot out in 2007.At her sentencing in 1997, US JudgeRoger Vinson said he didn't want to putGeorge behind bars forever for her relatively minor role in drug-dealing.Even though you have been involved in drugs and drug dealing for a number of yearsyour role has basically been as a girlfriend and bag holder and money holder," Vinson told George at the time, according to the court transcript cited by George's lawyers."So certainly, in my judgment," he said, "it doesnt warrant a life sentence."His hands were tied by mandatory-minimum sentencing, which forces judges to mete out harsh sentencesoften for nonviolent drug crimes. The cruelest irony of mandatory minimums is that high-level criminals can often trade their cooperation for lighter sentences. Meanwhile, lower-level offenders like George have less information to give prosecutors and therefore often get hit with harsh sentences.She [George] was not a major participant by any means, but the problem in these cases is that the people who can offer the most help to the government are the most culpable, said Vinson, the judge in her case, in 2012, according to The New York Times.So they get reduced sentences while the small fry," he added, "the little workers who dont have that information, get the mandatory sentences."'One day these laws are going to change'In 1997, George was an "angry young woman" who had a "rocky transition to institutional life" at the federal prison in Tallahassee, according to her petition for clemency. She racked up several minor disciplinary offenses and was even transferred out of the prison for two years after engaging in a "group demonstration" with 90 other women.She began adjustingandeven thriving inDecember 2004. Shebegancounseling thento help her manage her anger,started going to church, and began attending weekly bible-study classes, her lawyers said.George also got an education. She earneda certificate in business administration and management and took classes toward a business degree taught by professors who came in from Tallahassee Community College, she said.She also worked at a prison "call center," answering customer calls for a telecommunications company called kgb."I pretty much ran the call center," George told me.George mentored younger women at the prison,tellingthem they should also focus on improving themselves while doing their time."I said, 'One day, these laws are going to change,'" George said, referring to mandatory-minimum sentencing. "And it's going to make a difference as to whether you go home or not."Thoughmandatory minimums aren't dead yet in the US, the Obama administrationhas made it clear it wants to reform them.In 2013, then-Attorney General Eric Holder issued new guidelines for federal prosecutors to change the way they charge drug crimesfor low-level, nonviolent offenders who aren't part of gangs or cartels. Under the new guidelines for those defendants, prosecutors don't include the amount of drugs at issue, meaning mandatory-minimum sentences aren't triggered.Butthe actual law hasn't changed, and the next administration could go back to enforcing mandatory-minimum laws inthe same way that landed George behind bars.But there has been some progress for advocates of change in Congress lately, as bipartisan negotiators look set to introduce a bill that would reform sentencing laws. Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa)the chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee who up to even this year opposed reforming sentencing lawshas said he is open to the freshly discussed proposals.Still, thelaw probably wouldn't apply retroactively even if itdid change, meaning people like George wouldn't necessarily be released if Congress did away with mandatory minimums.George was right not to give up hope, though. While she had exhausted the appeals process, she had one more option: A commutation from the president, which she applied for on her own in March 2012. A form of executive clemency, a commutation significantly reduces a sentenceoften to time served. When presidents grant pardons, on the other hand, they're forgiving a criminal and restoring certain lost rights like voting or serving on a jury.Thoughthere was technically a chance for Georgeto obtain freedom through a commutation,presidential clemency had becomeextremely rare in the USafter the Clinton administration. That's likely because President Bill Clinton drew criticism for issuing a whopping 140 pardonson the last day of his presidency, as well as a number of commutations. One of those pardonscleared Clinton's very own half-brother, Roger, of a drug-trafficking charge, as The New York Times pointed out at the time.Arnold Paul Prosperi, a former fundraiser for Clinton, not only got a pardon but also had his sentence commuted.President George W. Bush apparently overcorrected for Clinton's excess. He issued only 11commutations during both of his terms, compared to his predecessor's 61 commutations.During his first term, meanwhile, Obama granted a commutation tojust one personMeans' other client, Eugenia Jennings. Stephanie George's own long odds probably increased exponentially when Means took on her case, too.'The sentence was just so extraordinary'While she was in prison, George stayed in touch with Families Against Mandatory Minimums (FAMM), an advocacy group that lobbies for reform of harsh drug laws and the release of individual prisoners.It was through FAMM thatMeans, the lawyer at Crowell & Moring, heard about George's case. Means, whose work focuses on environmental law and the energy industry, is something of a heavy-hitter in the pro-bono arena. In addition to representingEugenia Jennings, he secured two of the handful of commutations granted by George W. Bush during his entire administration.George's case caught his eye because of the harshness of the sentence and because of "the degree of injustice she suffered based substantially on the misconduct of her daughter's father," Means told me in an email."Stephanie's case was compelling because it was a life sentence," Meanshad told me earlier over the phone. "It was just a minor drug offense, and the sentence was just so extraordinary."Means and an associate at the firm, Sherrie Armstrong, began working on the case late in 2012. While prisoners can file clemency petitions on their own, it makes a huge difference to have a reputable law firm on their side.Unlike other cases Means has worked on, however, George's clemency petition did not include letters of support from government officials.The main letters of support came from people most prominent inGeorge's own lifeincluding her mother, sister, and aunt. Her three children all wrote heartbreaking letters. One came from her daughter, Kendra, who was just 6 years old when her mother was incarcerated. Kendra had missed out on almost an entire childhood with her mother,but wanted her out of prison so they could"start new memories." She hoped her mom would be able to give her away at her wedding.Perhaps the most heartbreaking letter came from her son, who died just a couple of months before she was finally granted clemency. "I would like to ask if you could find it in your heart to assist in giving my mother a second chance at life," hewrote."She has been away from me for too long and I need her now more than ever."Theletters illuminated the factthat George's incarceration hurt many people in her lifenot just her.She had other support, too. The judge who sentenced her, Vinson, sent a short letter to the Pardon Attorney on her behalf.Means and Armstrong submitted congressional testimony as part of an effort to support sentencing reform and to encourage US Sen. Dick Durbin (D-Illinois), the No. 2 Senate Democrat, to urge Obama to grant clemency to George. Her lawyers also reached out toSenate and White House officials to ask them to support her petition.It's impossible to tell which one of these factors made George's case stand out from many deserving others, but in late 2013 she became one ofeight people in prison for drug-related offenseswho received a commutation.Means had the privilege of calling her to say she would get her freedom back.'I hope you have a wonderful Christmas'When Means called George in December 2013, she said shethanked him over and over. Georgesaid she cried as he told her, "You're welcome," and, "I hope you have a wonderful Christmas."Four months later, she'd return home to her family. There would be challenges ahead. She still hasn't been able to find full-time workin part, she says, because of her criminal record. Thoughshe got to reunite with some family, others had died by the time she got outincluding three of her grandparents, her father, and her own son.George sees her remaining family every day."I always said," she told me, "I would never give up on trying to get home to my family."Join the conversation about this story
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